CSS Cheatsheet

CSS Cheatsheet#

#

Introduction#

External stylesheet#

<link href="./path/to/stylesheet/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />

Internal stylesheet#

<style>
  body {
    background-color: linen;
  }
</style>

Inline styles#

<h2 style="text-align: center;">Centered text</h2>

<p style="color: blue; font-size: 18px;">Blue, 18-point text</p>

Add class#

<div class="classname"></div>
<div class="class1 classn ..."></div>

Support multiple classes on one element.

!important#

.post-title { color: blue !important; }


Overrides all previous styling rules.

### Selector


h1 {
}
#job-title {
}
div.hero {
}
div > p {
}

See: Selectors

Text color#

color: #2a2aff; color: green; color: rgb(34, 12, 64, 0.6); color: hsla(30 100% 50% / 0.6);


See: [Colors](#css-colors)

### Background


background-color: blue;
background-image: url('nyan-cat.gif');
background-image: url('../image.png');

See: Backgrounds

Font#

.page-title { font-weight: bold; font-size: 30px; font-family: ‘Courier New’; }


See: [Fonts](#css-fonts)

### Position


.box {
  position: relative;
  top: 20px;
  left: 20px;
}

See also: Position

Animation#

animation: 300ms linear 0s infinite;

animation: bounce 300ms linear infinite;


See: [Animation](#css-animation)

### Comment


/* This is a single line comment */

/* This is a 
   multi-line comment */

Flex layout#

div { display: flex; justify-content: center; } div { display: flex; justify-content: flex-start; }


See: [Flexbox](#css-flexbox) | [Flex Tricks](#css-flexbox-tricks)

### Grid layout


#container {
  display: grid;
  grid: repeat(2, 60px) / auto-flow 80px;
}

#container > div {
  background-color: #8ca0ff;
  width: 50px;
  height: 50px;
}

See: Grid Layout

Variable & Counter#

counter-set: subsection; counter-increment: subsection; counter-reset: subsection 0;

:root { –bg-color: brown; } element { background-color: var(–bg-color); }


See: [Dynamic content](#css-dynamic-content)

## CSS Selectors

### Examples 

#### Groups Selector


h1,
h2 {
  color: red;
}

Chaining Selector#

h3.section-heading { color: blue; }


#### Attribute Selector


div[attribute='SomeValue'] {
  background-color: red;
}

First Child Selector#

p:first-child { font-weight: bold; }


#### No Children Selector


.box:empty {
  background: lime;
  height: 80px;
  width: 80px;
}

Basic#

*

All elements

div

All div tags

.classname

All elements with class

#idname

Element with ID

div,p

All divs and paragraphs

#idname *

All elements inside #idname

See also: Type / Class / ID / Universal selectors

Combinators#

Selector

Description

div.classname

Div with certain classname

div#idname

Div with certain ID

div p

Paragraphs inside divs

div > p

All p tags
one level deep in div

div + p

P tags immediately after div

div ~ p

P tags preceded by div

See also: Adjacent / Sibling / Child selectors

Attribute selectors#

| | | | ——————– | ———————————- | —————————- | | a[target] | With a target attribute | | a[target="_blank"] | Open in new tab | | a[href^="/index"] | Starts with /index | | [class              | ="chair"] | Starts with chair | | [class*="chair"] | containing chair | | [title~="chair"] | Contains the word chair | | a[href$=".doc"] | Ends with .doc | | [type="button"] | Specified type |

See also: Attribute selectors

User action pseudo classes#

a:link   

Link in normal state

a:active 

Link in clicked state

a:hover  

Link with mouse over it

a:visited

Visited link

Pseudo classes#

p::after

Add content after p

p::before

Add content before p

p::first-letter

First letter in p

p::first-line

First line in p

::selection

Selected by user

::placeholder

Placeholder attribute

:root

Documents root element

:target

Highlight active anchor

div:empty

Element with no children

p:lang(en)

P with en language attribute

:not(span)

Element that’s not a span

Input pseudo classes#

input:checked

Checked inputs

input:disabled

Disabled inputs

input:enabled

Enabled inputs

input:focus

Input has focus

input:in-range

Value in range

input:out-of-range

Input value out of range

input:valid

Input with valid value

input:invalid

Input with invalid value

input:optional

No required attribute

input:required

Input with required attribute

input:read-only

With readonly attribute

input:read-write

No readonly attribute

input:indeterminate

With indeterminate state

Structural pseudo classes#

p:first-child

First child

p:last-child

Last child

p:first-of-type

First of some type

p:last-of-type

Last of some type

p:nth-child(2)

Second child of its parent

p:nth-child(3n42)

Nth-child (an + b) formula

p:nth-last-child(2)

Second child from behind

p:nth-of-type(2)

Second p of its parent

p:nth-last-of-type(2)

…from behind

p:only-of-type

Unique of its parent

p:only-child

Only child of its parent

CSS Fonts#

Properties#

Property

Description

font-family:

<font>

font-size:

<size>

letter-spacing:

<size>

line-height:

<number>

| font-weight: | <number> / bold / normal | | font-style: | italic / normal | | text-decoration: | underline / none |

| text-align: | left / right
center / justify | | text-transform: | capitalize / uppercase / lowercase |

See also: Font

Shorthand#

style

weight

size (required)

line-height

family

font:

italic

400

14px

/

1.5

sans-serif

style

weight

size (required)

line-height

family (required)

Example#

font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.02em;


### Case 


/* Hello */
text-transform: capitalize;

/* HELLO */
text-transform: uppercase;

/* hello */
text-transform: lowercase;

@font-face#

@font-face { font-family: ‘Glegoo’; src: url(‘../Glegoo.woff’); }


## CSS Colors

### Named color


color: red;
color: orange;
color: tan;
color: rebeccapurple;

Hexadecimal color#

color: #090; color: #009900; color: #090a; color: #009900aa;


### rgb() Colors


color: rgb(34, 12, 64, 0.6);
color: rgba(34, 12, 64, 0.6);
color: rgb(34 12 64 / 0.6);
color: rgba(34 12 64 / 0.3);
color: rgb(34 12 64 / 60%);
color: rgba(34.6 12 64 / 30%);

HSL Colors#

color: hsl(30, 100%, 50%, 0.6); color: hsla(30, 100%, 50%, 0.6); color: hsl(30 100% 50% / 0.6); color: hsla(30 100% 50% / 0.6); color: hsl(30 100% 50% / 60%); color: hsla(30.2 100% 50% / 60%);


### Other


color: inherit;
color: initial;
color: unset;
color: transparent;

color: currentcolor; /* keyword */

CSS Backgrounds#

Properties#

Property

Description

background:

(Shorthand)

| background-color: | See: Colors | | background-image: | url(…) | | background-position: | left/center/right
top/center/bottom | | background-size: | cover X Y | | background-clip: | border-box
padding-box
content-box | | background-repeat: | no-repeat
repeat-x
repeat-y | | background-attachment: | scroll/fixed/local |

Shorthand#

color

image

positionX

positionY

size

repeat

attachment

background:

#ff0

url(a.jpg)

left

top

/

100px auto

no-repeat

fixed;

background:

#abc

url(b.png)

center

center

/

cover

repeat-x

local;

color

image

posX

posY

size

repeat

attach..

Examples#

background: url(img_man.jpg) no-repeat center;

background: url(img_flwr.gif) right bottom no-repeat, url(paper.gif) left top repeat;

background: rgb(2, 0, 36); background: linear-gradient( 90deg, rgba(2, 0, 36, 1) 0%, rgba(13, 232, 230, 1) 35%, rgba(0, 212, 255, 1) 100% );


## CSS The Box Model

### Maximums/Minimums


.column {
  max-width: 200px;
  width: 500px;
}

See also: max-width / min-width / max-height / min-height

Margin / Padding#

.block-one { margin: 20px; padding: 10px; }


See also: [Margin](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/margin) /
[Padding](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/padding)

### Box-sizing


.container {
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

See also: Box-sizing

Visibility#

.invisible-elements { visibility: hidden; }


See also: [Visibility](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/visibility)

### Auto keyword


div {
  margin: auto;
}

See also: Margin

Overflow#

.small-block { overflow: scroll; }


See also: [Overflow](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/overflow)

## CSS Animation 

### Shorthand 

|              | name     | duration | timing-function | delay   | count      | direction           | fill-mode | play-state |
| ------------ | -------- | -------- | --------------- | ------- | ---------- | ------------------- | --------- | ---------- |
| `animation:` | `bounce` | `300ms`  | `linear`        | `100ms` | `infinite` | `alternate-reverse` | `both`    | `reverse`  |
|              | name     | duration | timing-function | delay   | count      | direction           | fill-mode | play-state |

### Properties 

| Property                     | Value                                                  |
| ---------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------ |
| `animation:`                 | _(shorthand)_                                          |
| `animation-name:`            | \<name>                                                |
| `animation-duration:`        | \<time>ms                                              |
| `animation-timing-function:` | ease / linear / ease-in / ease-out / ease-in-out       |
| `animation-delay:`           | \<time>ms                                              |
| `animation-iteration-count:` | infinite / \<number>                                   |
| `animation-direction:`       | normal / reverse / alternate / alternate-reverse       |
| `animation-fill-mode:`       | none / forwards / backwards / both / initial / inherit |
| `animation-play-state:`      | normal / reverse / alternate / alternate-reverse       |



See also: [Animation](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/animation)

### Example 


/* @keyframes duration | timing-function | delay |
   iteration-count | direction | fill-mode | play-state | name */
animation: 3s ease-in 1s 2 reverse both paused slidein;

/* @keyframes duration | timing-function | delay | name */
animation: 3s linear 1s slidein;

/* @keyframes duration | name */
animation: 3s slidein;

animation: 4s linear 0s infinite alternate move_eye;
animation: bounce 300ms linear 0s infinite normal;
animation: bounce 300ms linear infinite;
animation: bounce 300ms linear infinite alternate-reverse;
animation: bounce 300ms linear 2s infinite alternate-reverse forwards normal;

Javascript Event#

.one('webkitAnimationEnd oanimationend msAnimationEnd animationend')

CSS Flexbox#

Simple example#

.container { display: flex; }



.container > div {
  flex: 1 1 auto;
}

Container#

.container {

display: flex; display: inline-flex;



flex-direction: row; /* ltr - default */
flex-direction: row-reverse; /* rtl */
flex-direction: column; /* top-bottom */
flex-direction: column-reverse; /* bottom-top */

flex-wrap: nowrap; /* one-line / flex-wrap: wrap; / multi-line */



align-items: flex-start; /* vertical-align to top */
align-items: flex-end; /* vertical-align to bottom */
align-items: center; /* vertical-align to center */
align-items: stretch; /* same height on all (default) */

justify-content: flex-start; /* [xxx ] / justify-content: center; / [ xxx ] / justify-content: flex-end; / [ xxx] / justify-content: space-between; / [x x x] / justify-content: space-around; / [ x x x ] / justify-content: space-evenly; / [ x x x ] */


}

### Child

.container > div {


/* This: */
flex: 1 0 auto;

/* Is equivalent to this: */
flex-grow: 1;
flex-shrink: 0;
flex-basis: auto;

order: 1;



align-self: flex-start; /* left */
margin-left: auto; /* right */

}

CSS Flexbox Tricks#

Vertical center#

.container { display: flex; }

.container > div { width: 100px; height: 100px; margin: auto; }


### Vertical center (2)


.container {
  display: flex;

  /* vertical */
  align-items: center;

  /* horizontal */
  justify-content: center;
}

Reordering#

.container > .top { order: 1; }

.container > .bottom { order: 2; }


### Mobile layout


.container {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
}

.container > .top {
  flex: 0 0 100px;
}

.container > .content {
  flex: 1 0 auto;
}

A fixed-height top bar and a dynamic-height content area.

Table-like#

.container { display: flex; }

/* the ‘px’ values here are just suggested percentages */ .container > .checkbox { flex: 1 0 20px; } .container > .subject { flex: 1 0 400px; } .container > .date { flex: 1 0 120px; }


This creates columns that have different widths, but size accordingly according to the circumstances.

### Vertical


.container {
  align-items: center;
}

Vertically-center all items.

Left and right#

.menu > .left { align-self: flex-start; } .menu > .right { align-self: flex-end; }


## CSS Grid Layout

### Grid Template Columns


#grid-container {
  display: grid;
  width: 100px;
  grid-template-columns: 20px 20% 60%;
}

fr Relative Unit#

.grid { display: grid; width: 100px; grid-template-columns: 1fr 60px 1fr; }


### Grid Gap


/*The distance between rows is 20px*/
/*The distance between columns is 10px*/
#grid-container {
  display: grid;
  grid-gap: 20px 10px;
}

CSS Block Level Grid#

#grid-container { display: block; }


### CSS grid-row

CSS syntax:

- grid-row: grid-row-start / grid-row-end;

#### Example


.item {
  grid-row: 1 / span 2;
}

CSS Inline Level Grid#

#grid-container { display: inline-grid; }


### minmax() Function

 
.grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 100px minmax(100px, 500px) 100px;
}

grid-row-start & grid-row-end#

CSS syntax:

  • grid-row-start: auto|row-line;

  • grid-row-end: auto|row-line|span n;

Example#

grid-row-start: 2; grid-row-end: span 2;


### CSS grid-row-gap


grid-row-gap: length;

Any legal length value, like px or %. 0 is the default value

CSS grid-area#

.item1 { grid-area: 2 / 1 / span 2 / span 3; }


### Justify Items


#container {
  display: grid;
  justify-items: center;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  grid-template-rows: 1fr 1fr 1fr;
  grid-gap: 10px;
}

CSS grid-template-areas#

.item { grid-area: nav; } .grid-container { display: grid; grid-template-areas: ‘nav nav . .’ ‘nav nav . .’; }


### Justify Self


#grid-container {
  display: grid;
  justify-items: start;
}

.grid-items {
  justify-self: end;
}

The grid items are positioned to the right (end) of the row.

Align Items#

#container { display: grid; align-items: start; grid-template-columns: 1fr; grid-template-rows: 1fr 1fr 1fr; grid-gap: 10px; }


## CSS Dynamic Content

### Variable

Define CSS Variable


:root {
  --first-color: #16f;
  --second-color: #ff7;
}

Variable Usage

#firstParagraph { background-color: var(–first-color); color: var(–second-color); }


See also: [CSS Variable](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/--*)

### Counter


/* Set "my-counter" to 0 */
counter-set: my-counter;

/* Increment “my-counter” by 1 */ counter-increment: my-counter;



/* Decrement "my-counter" by 1 */
counter-increment: my-counter -1;

/* Reset “my-counter” to 0 */ counter-reset: my-counter;


See also: [Counter set](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/counter-set)

### Using counters


body {
  counter-reset: section;
}

h3::before {
  counter-increment: section;
  content: 'Section.' counter(section);
}

ol { counter-reset: section; list-marker-type: none; }

li::before { counter-increment: section; content: counters(section, ‘.’) ‘ ‘; }


## Css 3 tricks

### Scrollbar smooth


html {
  scroll-behavior: smooth;
}

Click me, the page will scroll smoothly to Getting started

Modern CSS#

container queries(size)#

.element-wrap { container: element / inline-size; } @container element (min-inline-size: 300px) { .element { display: flex; gap: 1rem; } }


### container qeries(style)


.container {
  --variant: 1;

  &.variant2 {
    --variant: 2;
  }
}

@container style(--variant: 1) {
  button {
  } /* You can't style .container, but can select inside it */
  .other-things {
  }
}

@container style(--variant: 2) {
  button {
  }
  .whatever {
  }
}

container units#

  • The units are cqw (“container query width”),

  • cqh (“container query height”),

  • cqi (“container query inline”),

  • cqb (“container query block”),

  • cqmin (smaller of cqi and cqb),

  • and cqmax (larger of cqi and cqb)

.card { padding: 5cqi; font-size: 4cqi; border: 1cqi solid brown; height: 100%; }

h2 { font-size: 10cqi; margin-block: 0 3cqi; }


### the :has() pseudo selector


figure:has(figcaption) {
  border: 1px solid black;
  padding: 0.5rem;
}

nesting#

.cards { .card { & .card-description { color: blue; } & .card-title { color: red; } } }


###

### scoping


@scope {
  :scope {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
    gap: 1rem;
    padding: 1rem;
    border: 1px solid black;
  }
  .card {
    padding: 1rem;
    border: 1px solid black;
    background: lightgray;
    h2 {
      margin: 0 0 1rem 0;
    }
  }
}

cascade layers#

/* Specify the order to apply styles in cascade */ @layer legacyCard, newCard;

/* Imagine you have a lot of styles */ @layer newCard { .card { background-color: red; } } @layer legacyCard { .card { background-color: green; } }


### logical properties


button {
  background-color: #4caf50;
  border: none;
  color: white;
  padding: 0.5rem 1.5rem;
  text-decoration: none;
  font: inherit;
  border-radius: 4px;
  .icon {
    position: relative;
    top: 0.125em;
    fill: white;
    width: 1em;
    aspect-ratio: 1;
    margin-inline-end: 0.25rem;
  }
}

p3 colors#

<div class="container">
  <div class="swatch">
    <style contenteditable>
      @scope {
        :scope {
          background-color: color(display-p3 1 0.5 0);
        }
      }
    </style>
  </div>
  <div class="swatch">
    <style contenteditable>
      @scope {
        :scope {
          background-color: oklch(61.88% 0.286 342.4);
        }
      }
    </style>
  </div>
  <div class="swatch">
    <style contenteditable>
      @scope {
        :scope {
          background-color: oklab(0.73 0.15 0.16);
        }
      }
    </style>
  </div>

  <div class="swatch">
    <style contenteditable>
      @scope {
        :scope {
          background-image: linear-gradient(to right in oklch, red, blue);
        }
      }
    </style>
  </div>

  <div class="swatch">
    <style contenteditable>
      @scope {
        :scope {
          background-image: linear-gradient(to right in oklab, red, blue);
        }
      }
    </style>
  </div>

  <div class="swatch">
    <style contenteditable>
      @scope {
        :scope {
          background-image: linear-gradient(to right in srgb, red, blue);
        }
      }
    </style>
  </div>
</div>

color mixing#

.swatch { color: white; width: 100px; aspect-ratio: 1; display: grid; place-items: center; text-align: center;

&:nth-child(1) { background-color: var(–bg); } &:nth-child(2) { background-color: color-mix(in oklch, var(–bg), black 30%); } &:nth-child(3) { background-color: color-mix(in oklch, var(–bg), white 30%); } }


### margin trim


.container {
  /* prevent "extra" margin at the end of the element */
  margin-trim: block-end;

  /* an element like this might be the culprit, but it could be anything */
  > p {
    margin-block-end: 1rem;
  }
}

text wrapping#

.balance { text-wrap: balance; } .pretty { text-wrap: pretty; }

html { font-family: system-ui, sans-serif; }

main { max-inline-size: 60ch; margin-inline: auto; }


### subgrid


.grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(9, 1fr);
  grid-template-rows: repeat(4, minmax(100px, auto));
}

.item {
  display: grid;
  grid-column: 2 / 7;
  grid-row: 2 / 4;
  grid-template-columns: subgrid;
  grid-template-rows: repeat(3, 80px);
}

.subitem {
  grid-column: 3 / 6;
  grid-row: 1 / 3;
}

Also see#

Contents